Ch 05-03 Kirchhoff's law and Spectral lines

• Fraunhofer's solar absorption lines (1814)
  
  
  e.g.
           D-line (Na, 5893 Å)
           H-line (Ca⁺, 3968.5 Å)
           K-line (Ca⁺, 3933.7 Å)
   
• Kirchhoff's law for continuous, emission-line, and absorption-line spectra ( ~ 1860)
  
  
   
• Identification of chemical elements
• Atomic structure; energy levels
  Bohr's formula for hydrogen-line wavelengths
           1/λ = R(1/N²-1/n²)
           R = 1.097 x 10⁷ m^-1 (Rydberg constant)
           λ = 911.5 Å / (1/N²-1/n²)
  N = 1, Lyman series (L_α 1220 Å, limiting edge 911.5 Å)
  N = 2, Balmer series (H_α 6563 Å, limiting edge 3646 Å)
  N = 3, Paschen series (P_α 18750 Å, limiting edge 8210 Å)
  
   
• Other elements, molecules (rotation and vibraton)